In 45 BC, Julius Caesar inaugurated the basic calendar we use today. However, his calendar was flawed in that it did not align precisely with the rotation of the planets. Over many years, this creates a misalignment between human seasonal celebrations and the weather. For instance, after many years of being off by a day or so, a misaligned calendar might cause a fall harvest celebration to be scheduled for the middle of the summer. Nearly 1,500 years after its debut, the Julian calendar required a 10 day correction.
Around 1,000 A.D. Ptolemy observed in a published article that the Julian calendar was off, but at this time and for hundreds of years to come, it was potentially life-threatening to question the validity of the calendar. In the 13th century, the western world’s view of the universe was dictated by the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church did not recognize that the earth circled the sun, and in order to work out a truly precise calendar, this bit of dogma would have to adjust to match reality. So it should be no surprise that in the 1300’s it was the outcaste, curmudgeonly, genius, monk with superhuman intellectual abilities and independence, Roger Bacon, in league with Pope Clement IV, who died too young, set the stage for the Gregorian correction of the 1500s. While history does not record the reasons behind Clement the IV’s interest in calendar reform it was his interest and advocacy which propelled Roger Bacon to document the failings of the Julian calendar. Shortly after Bacon’s work reached the Pope, the Pope died, leaving Bacon behind with plenty of knowledge but no power to do anything about it.
It is also important to our overall understanding of the evolution of calendars through history to bear in mind that the telescope was not invented until the 1600’s. It was the telescope and minds like Galileo and Copernicus that literally reoriented the universe. This reorientation of the universe leads to a better understanding of the motion of the planets and the place of the earth in the solar system.
In the 1500’s Pope Gregory XIII established a Calendar Commission to look into the, by now, widely acknowledged flaws in the Julian calendar. The commission determined that 10 days would need to be lost to make up for the accumulation of the inaccuracy over time since the introduction of the Julian calendar. Going forward, a new scheme would bring the calendar into conformance with the vernal equinox. Pope Gregory XIII issued his Papal Bull reforming the calendar on February 24, 1582. World reaction varied: some ignored it, some were grateful to have a more accurate calendar, and some in Frankfurt rioted in the streets demanding the return of their stolen 10 days.
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I guess we can all be grateful that critical path method (CPM) had not yet been invented: Can you imagine dueling experts arguing over a delayed project under this unique set of circumstances? The Gregorian adjustment brings us into the modern age of calendars. It is not particularly reassuring to know that our project schedule, which we think of as precise and tangible, is completely dependent on a series of celestial orbs hurtling through space and a morass of mathematical calculations and astronomical observations.
From this point in history forward to the early 1900’s not much really changes in the world of calendars and time-scaled planning has not evidenced itself in any of its modern and surviving manifestations. However, big changes are occurring in the world of science and in our understanding of time and space. Einstein’s 1905 paper, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” dismantled absolute time as an accepted concept in Physics. Ironically, this took quite a bit of time to be generally accepted.
Next entry the revolution of relative time, the mapping of time over distance, and the introduction of modern time scaled planning tools.