With the advent of personal computers in the mid-1980s, people enthusiastically embraced computer and software-based planning and scheduling practices. At this point, planning and scheduling began to shift away from traditional graphical and planning-centric methods. New, data-driven methods replaced graphical representations with sophisticated software scheduling engines, reversing the long-time credo of scheduling from “Logic rules, dates serve,” to “Dates rule, logic serves.”
In this new mindset, schedulers became more focused on hitting each deadline or milestone, and logic quickly became a secondary thought. Schedules were software-driven and riddled with anomalies that would normally have been adjusted and fixed through traditional graphic planning.
Finally, the shine of the new technology started to wear off. Stakeholders took notice of the changes in scheduling and started to reminisce about days of graphical planning.
The development of the Graphical Planning Method (GPM) and its interactive visual components allowed schedulers and stakeholders to embrace the technological advances (and still move away from sticky-note wall planning) while still incorporating graphical and time-scaled schedule representation. Instead of relying on databases and inline CPM scheduling engines, GPM software applications rely on graphical objects, encapsulating rules and computational algorithms that interact with continuous real-time process flows and an interactive graphics display.
The design of GPM processes and interactions incorporates information like duration, dates, float, cost, resource, progress status and risk factors into the network activity and logic function, allowing for real-time adjustments and visualization of the schedule. This healing ability provides a more collaborative and responsive environment for all stakeholders throughout the scheduling and planning process.
GPM has also revolutionized scheduling and project planning in additional ways, from logic diagrams and float predicate to computing technologies and resource leveling. GPM varies greatly from Critical Path Method (CPM) processes.
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Due to its time-scaled orientation, dates are innate, real-time attributions to GPM activities and objects. Activities, milestones and events can be linked throughout the entire schedule, so adjustments create a chain reaction across all linked activities. This connection emphasizes the logic flow of the schedule, which spurred GPM’s development of Logic Diagramming Method (LDM). LDM combines the best aspects of ADM and PDM diagram planning.
GPM’s ability to switch between push (conventional forward planning) and pull (backward planning) modes allows for linked activities and relationships to be pushed or pulled throughout the schedule as determined by the scheduler. Through its adaptive environment, this flexibility fosters a responsive environment for team collaboration among multiple stakeholders. Having crucial information at hand allows them to create what-if scenarios to achieve early completion or balance resources and availability.
There has also been a shift in relationship lead and lag modeling rules using LDM diagramming techniques. LDM assigns logic attributes to embeds in three categories: proportionate, constant and reverse. Proportionate embeds use activity duration percentages to determine when successor activity can begin, while constant embeds measure the elapsed days from activity start and the remaining days until completion. Additionally, reverse embeds measure elapsed days to activity finish and days from the start of activity.
GPM categorizes events into three groups: start or finish benchmarks, finish milestones, and start milestones. Benchmarks are created by users, are not subject to calculations by the GPM algorithms and act as float and drift governors. GPM assigns start and finish milestone dates to activities if they’re logically tied to predecessors or successors.
The strong planning orientation of GPM allows schedulers to carefully plan and adjust resources as needed through the process to help with resource leveling. Being able to make activity and logic decisions while also optimizing resources is an efficient process in GPM. Additionally, being able to incorporate a variety of issues (resources, cost, goals) at the same time in the scheduling process creates a much more efficient planning process for stakeholders, and ensures that all aspects of the project are addressed at the start.
An object-based method, GPM supports gestural interfaces and hand-directing scheduling techniques using touch or a stylus, which promotes interaction even more than mouse and keyboard data entry. Using the NetPoint GPM-based planning system, users can incorporate planning, scheduling, resource management and other project control issues into a collaborative, intuitive planning process.
Methods that allow for graphical-planning with interactive planning and real-time adjustments are changing the landscape of project management. As technology continues to advance and touch-based devices become more and more prevalent, GPM’s gestural interfaces will become the way of the future.